Solution-focused therapy, also known as solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), is a collaborative, goal-oriented form of psychotherapy that emphasizes building what clients want in the future rather than analyzing the origins of their problems. Developed in the 1980s by Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg, and their colleagues in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, SFBT emerged from the idea that change is already present in a client’s life and that therapists can help clients access and amplify those strengths. Rather than spending extensive time explaining why a problem exists, SFBT invites clients to articulate a preferred future and to identify concrete steps that move toward it. The approach is typically brief, structured, and centered on client expertise, with the therapist acting as a curious, collaborative guide.
Core principles of solution-focused therapy
- Focus on solutions, not on problem analysis. The emphasis is on what works and how to expand it, rather than on diagnosing causes or rehashing grief and distress.
- Language matters. Therapists guide conversations toward possibilities, resources, and specific goals rather than dwelling on deficits or failures.
- Client as expert. Clients bring knowledge about their own lives, values, and strengths; the therapist helps them mobilize those resources.
- Future-oriented goals. Attention centers on the client’s preferred outcomes and how to get there, not on dwelling in the past.
- Exceptions and strengths. Change often comes in small, positive shifts—times when the problem was less present or absent altogether.
- A brief, collaborative process. SFBT is designed to be efficient, with a clear plan and regular progress checks, though the exact length varies by person and context.
- Responsibility and agency. Clients are supported to take practical steps, experiment with new strategies, and monitor progress through feedback.
- Respectful, non-blaming stance. The therapist maintains a hopeful, non-judgmental environment that invites experimentation and learning.
Techniques commonly used in solution-focused therapy
- Miracle question. A classic tool that helps clients imagine how life would be different if a miracle occurred and the problem disappeared. This reframes goals and creates a tangible target to work toward.
- Scaling questions. Clients rate their current status on a scale (e.g., 0-10) and consider small steps that could move the number upward. This makes progress measurable and doable.
- Exception-seeking questions. Therapists ask about times in the past when the problem was less present or absent, to uncover resources, strategies, and conditions that supported change.
- Coping questions. These acknowledge effort and resilience, helping clients recognize what they have managed so far and how to build on it.
- Formula first session task. Clients may be given a practical task between sessions to test a new approach or observe nuance in their own behavior.
- Compliments and positive feedback. Therapists reinforce progress, emphasize soft successes, and help clients notice movement toward their goals.
- Between-session tasks. Brief, targeted assignments that maintain momentum and encourage experimentation with new patterns of thinking and action.
- Language reframing. Clinicians help replace problem-saturated language with language about changes, choices, and resources.
Conditions and issues often well suited for this approach
- Mild to moderate depression and anxiety, especially when clients respond to practical goals and concrete steps.
- Relationship problems, including couples and family dynamics, where the focus is on strengthening positive interactions and shared goals.
- Behavioral and school-related challenges in children and adolescents, where practical changes can improve outcomes and engagement.
- Life transitions, stress management, and goal setting in adults facing work or personal changes.
- Crisis or urgent settings where a brief, focused intervention can help stabilize mood and behavior while longer-term treatment is planned.
It is important to note that SFBT is not a substitute for treatment of severe mental illness or acute safety concerns. In cases of active psychosis, imminent risk of harm, or complex trauma, a clinician may integrate SFBT with other evidence-based approaches and coordinate care with appropriate specialists.
What to expect in sessions
- Intake and goal setting. The first sessions establish a collaborative alliance, clarify what the client wants to achieve, and identify realistic milestones.
- Brief and structured format. Sessions are typically focused and goal-driven, with regular check-ins on progress toward defined outcomes.
- Use of concrete language and examples. Therapists help clients describe changes in observable behavior, mood, or circumstances, making progress tangible.
- Active client participation. Clients are encouraged to voice preferences, test strategies, and reflect on what worked between sessions.
- Homework and practice. Between-session tasks reinforce learning, test new approaches, and sustain momentum.
- Flexible duration. While many cases resolve within a few sessions, others may continue longer if goals evolve or new challenges arise.
The therapeutic process and timeline
Solution-focused therapy is designed to be brief and goal-driven. A typical course might last 4 to 8 sessions, weekly or biweekly, though some situations may require fewer or more sessions. The timeline often unfolds as follows:
- Session 1: establish rapport, identify a clear goal, explore exceptions, and introduce a simple task (often a scaling or continuation of the miracle question).
- Sessions 2–4: deepen exploration of strengths and resources, apply scaling to track progress, and try targeted interventions to move toward the goal.
- Sessions 5–7: consolidate gains, adjust goals as needed, plan for potential setbacks, and discuss resources for ongoing support after termination.
- Termination: review accomplishments, confirm how clients will maintain progress, and develop a plan for future check-ins if needed.
Clients often notice shifts in motivation, problem framing, and behavior early in the process, even when the initial challenge remains present. The emphasis on practical steps means progress can be visible in daily life—improved communication, better coping strategies, or small, sustainable changes in routines.
Qualifications to look for in practitioners
- Licensure and credentials. Look for clinicians with a professional license in psychology, counseling, social work, or a related field (e.g., psychologist, licensed clinical social worker, licensed mental health counselor, or licensed professional counselor).
- Explicit training in solution-focused therapy. Many practitioners incorporate SFBT as a modality through workshops, supervision, or certification programs; some list SFBT as a primary approach.
- Experience with your presenting concerns. Inquire about their experience working with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or other goals relevant to you.
- Therapeutic fit and style. SFBT relies on a collaborative, hopeful stance. It helps to speak with the clinician about their approach, expectations, and how they handle risk or safety concerns.
- Cultural competence and accessibility. Ask about adapting the approach to different cultural backgrounds, language needs, and accessibility (in-person or teletherapy).
- Ethical practice and supervision. Ensure the clinician adheres to professional ethics, maintains confidentiality, and has supervision or peer consultation as part of ongoing professional development.
Considerations for choosing this approach
- Your preferences for pace and structure. If you prefer a straightforward, goal-focused process, SFBT can be an appropriate fit; if you want in-depth exploration of childhood experiences or past trauma, you might complement SFBT with other modalities.
- Nature of your concerns. For solvable, context-specific goals (e.g., improving communication, building routines, or reducing avoidance), SFBT often yields tangible results. For complex, long-standing trauma or severe mood disorders, discuss integration with other evidence-based treatments.
- Practical considerations. Consider session length, frequency, cost, and whether you prefer in-person or online therapy. Confirm insurance coverage and the therapist’s cancellation policies.
- Therapeutic alliance. The effectiveness of SFBT hinges on a strong working alliance. If a clinician’s style feels collaborative and hopeful, you may experience more engagement and progress.
- Measurement of progress. Look for clear milestones, progress updates, and a plan for ending therapy when goals are met or if new needs arise.
- Emergency and safety planning. If you are in crisis or at risk of harm, ensure you have access to immediate support and that the clinician provides appropriate crisis resources or referrals.
